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Starting a Business in Germany

Last verified: June 2026 — Sources: IHK, Handelsregister, Gewerbeordnung, AufenthG §21

STARTING A BUSINESS IN GERMANY

BUSINESS FORMS

  1. Einzelunternehmen (Sole proprietorship) — no minimum capital
  2. GmbH (Limited liability company) — 25,000€ minimum capital
  3. UG (haftungsbeschränkt) — "mini GmbH", 1€ minimum capital
  4. GbR (Civil law partnership) — 2+ partners, no minimum

GEWERBEANMELDUNG (Business registration):

  • Register at local Gewerbeamt (trade office)
  • Cost: 15-65€ depending on city
  • Documents: ID/residence permit, completed form
  • Freelancers (Freiberufler): register directly at Finanzamt instead

UG (most popular for immigrants):

  • Only 1€ minimum capital (but 10,000-15,000€ recommended)
  • Must retain 25% of profits until reaching 25,000€
  • Notarized articles of association (Gesellschaftsvertrag): ~300-500€
  • Handelsregister entry: ~150€
  • Business bank account required

FOR NON-EU CITIZENS

  • Need residence permit with work authorization
  • Self-employment permit (§21 AufenthG): requires viable business plan, sufficient capital, positive economic effect
  • Ausländerbehörde + IHK (Chamber of Commerce) evaluate the application

TAXES

  • Income tax: 14-45% (progressive)
  • Trade tax (Gewerbesteuer): 7-17% depending on municipality
  • Corporation tax (GmbH/UG): 15% + 5.5% solidarity surcharge
  • VAT (Umsatzsteuer): 19% standard, 7% reduced
  • Kleinunternehmerregelung: exempt from VAT if revenue < 22,000€/year

USEFUL LINKS

  • Gewerbeanmeldung: local Bürgeramt
  • Handelsregister: handelsregister.de
  • IHK: ihk.de

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© 2026 ZANAN. Sources: IHK, Handelsregister, Gewerbeordnung, AufenthG §21

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